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Regions, rich in energy resources, continue to be of crucial interest for our carbon-powered world. There are numerous things at stake to begin with, from international legal status, ownership rights, energy routes, transit corridors, state and corporate interests, environmental hazards and the overall puzzle of energy diplomacy. Additionally, Caspian is troubled with its own specific set of complexities that are listed in this work. They range from the undefined legal status, territorial disputes, ethnic instabilities and vicinity to other hot spots, such as the turmoil Middle East and the more recently sparked conflict in Ukraine. Besides the current and ongoing political, legal and security concerns, another layer of complexity represents the recent economic crisis and the steep fall in global energy prices. Caspian is already experiencing the negative effects of these trends, not to forget the implications of the crisis in the Russian Federation's economic and currency sectors and the overall decline of investments in the region over the past two years. In addition to recouping the losses from energy trade, important consequence will therefore be a much tougher competition to attract investments in the future, inevitably resulting in greater concessions made on the invested side which is likely to impact regional stability. Because of its geographical setting, the Caspian is also of central interest for the European energy security, although the supply chain from the region has been traditionally kept under Russian Federation control. However, for the past decade or so, the EU is becoming increasingly ambitious in planning Caspian pipelines that exclude Russian Federation's territory and the Nabucco Pipeline project was in the centre of these strategic efforts for a considerable amount of time. The Caspian is therefore also at a crossroads between grand and conflicting energy interests of Russian Federation and the Western Europe.

Intro -- Contents -- Foreword B -- Preface -- List of Abbreviations -- Introduction -- European Imperialism -- 2.1. European Colonization of Africa -- 2.2. Europe in the 19th Century -- 2.3. Reasons for European Colonization -- 2.4. Partition of the African Continent -- 2.4.1. Portuguese Empire -- 2.4.2. French Empire -- 2.4.3. British Empire -- 2.4.4. Belgian Empire -- 2.4.5. German Empire -- 2.4.6. Italian Empire -- 2.5. Decolonization of Africa -- 2.5.1. West Africa -- 2.5.2. East Africa -- 2.5.3. After the Second World War -- Institutionalization of Historical Experiences in Africa -- 3.1. Development of Bilateral Security Structures -- 3.1.1. China's Presence in Africa -- 3.1.1.1. China and South Africa -- 3.1.1.2. China and Sierra Leone -- 3.1.1.3. China and Zimbabwe -- 3.1.1.4. China and Sudan -- 3.1.1.5. China and Djibouti -- 3.2. Development of Multilateral Security Structures -- 3.3. The Concept of Cooperative Security -- 3.4. Regional Security Organizations in Africa -- 3.4.1. Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) -- 3.4.2. Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) -- 3.4.3. Southern African Development Security (SADC) -- 3.4.4. Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS) -- 3.4.5. East African Community (EAC) -- 3.5. The Concept of Collective Security and Defence -- 3.5.1. The Organization of African Unity -- 3.5.2. The African Union -- 3.5.2.1. The Vision of the AU -- 3.5.3. Organization for Islamic Conference -- 3.5.4. Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative -- 3.5.5. Kimberley Process -- 3.6. Collaborating Security Institutions -- 3.6.1. Centre for Democracy & Development (CDD) -- 3.6.2. Institute for Security Studies (ISS) -- 3.6.3. New Partnership for Africa`s Development -- 3.7. International Organizations -- 3.7.1. United Nations -- 3.7.1.1. United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA)

Introduction -- European imperialism -- Institutionalization of historical experiences in Africa -- Institutionalization of historical experiences in Europe -- Similarities and differences in Africa and Europe -- Conclusion and analysis of hypothesis -- Future outlook

Indonesia has enacted mining law, environmental protection law, and a number of rules addressing mining and environmental issues. However, the establishment of these numerous laws and regulations has not resulted in a decline in corruption cases and environmental degradation. In fact, government officials are frequently lenient with mining industry owners who fail to follow good environmental standards. This is critical since Indonesia has spent the last two decades attempting to resolve corruption and environmental challenges. This study describes specific instances of mining and environmental law confusion resulting from corrupt activities. The study takes a normative legal approach. Resources have been gathered through examinations of mining and environmental laws and regulations, as well as reports by multiple authorities that track the same subject. The study demonstrates how prior Indonesian mining law policy acknowledged regional governments as mining authorities. The policy has caused widespread mining corruption, particularly in the area of business permits, involving regional political leaders and the private sector. The irresponsibility of regional political elites has jeopardized the environment and ecosystem. It is also an echo of overlapping legislation and authorities in the mining and environmental sectors.